Tutorials for Nexus - Nuclear Elastic X-ray scattering Universal Software
Tutorials for the software package Nexus. The Nuclear Elastic X-ray scattering Universal Software (Nexus) is a Python package for simulating and fitting of Moessbauer spectra, nuclear resonant scattering (NRS) data, pure electronic X-ray reflectivities (XRR), nuclear X-ray reflectivities (nXRR),...
Scientific topics: nuclear resonant scattering, resonant scattering
Tutorials for Nexus - Nuclear Elastic X-ray scattering Universal Software
https://fs-mcp.pages.desy.de/nuclear-nexus/tutorial/tutorial.html
https://pan-training.eu/materials/tutorials-for-nexus-nuclear-elastic-x-ray-scattering-universal-software
Tutorials for the software package Nexus. The Nuclear Elastic X-ray scattering Universal Software (Nexus) is a Python package for simulating and fitting of Moessbauer spectra, nuclear resonant scattering (NRS) data, pure electronic X-ray reflectivities (XRR), nuclear X-ray reflectivities (nXRR), and polarization dependent electronic scattering.
nuclear resonant scattering
resonant scattering
Nexus - Nuclear Elastic X-ray scattering Universal Software
Repositroy for the Nexus. The Nuclear Elastic X-ray scattering Universal Software (Nexus) is a Python package for simulating and fitting of Moessbauer spectra, nuclear resonant scattering (NRS) data, pure electronic X-ray reflectivities (XRR), nuclear X-ray reflectivities (nXRR), and polarization...
Scientific topics: nuclear resonant scattering, reflectometry, polarimetry
Keywords: Nuclear Physics, Mossbauer spectroscopy, Nuclear resonant scattering
Resource type: software
Nexus - Nuclear Elastic X-ray scattering Universal Software
https://gitlab.desy.de/fs-mcp/nuclear-nexus
https://pan-training.eu/materials/nexus-nuclear-elastic-x-ray-scattering-universal-software
Repositroy for the Nexus. The Nuclear Elastic X-ray scattering Universal Software (Nexus) is a Python package for simulating and fitting of Moessbauer spectra, nuclear resonant scattering (NRS) data, pure electronic X-ray reflectivities (XRR), nuclear X-ray reflectivities (nXRR), and polarization dependent electronic scattering.
nuclear resonant scattering
reflectometry
polarimetry
Nuclear Physics, Mossbauer spectroscopy, Nuclear resonant scattering
researchers
scientists
UmbrellaID Workshop: Keycloak
This one day training is dedicated to the PaN community IT people that want to enable community AAI for their users. At the end of the training it is expected that you understand what UmbrellaID and the EOSC AAI federation is. A hands on session shall demonstrate how to integrate your services...
Keywords: UmbrellaID
Resource type: slides, video
UmbrellaID Workshop: Keycloak
https://indico.psi.ch/event/12701/
https://pan-training.eu/materials/umbrellaid-workshop-keycloak
This one day training is dedicated to the PaN community IT people that want to enable community AAI for their users. At the end of the training it is expected that you understand what UmbrellaID and the EOSC AAI federation is. A hands on session shall demonstrate how to integrate your services with UmbrellaID using Keycloak.
If you want to actively participate in the hands on session, you need to have your own Keycloak installation, see the following checklist. If you don't have that, you can still participate in the workshop and also take part in the hands on session as an observer.
Checklist for the hands on session:
- An installation of Keycloak
- Internet access from the host where they have installed Keycloak (ideally direct access, but HTTP proxy and reverse HTTP proxy are also valid)
- DNS resolution for the host with Keycloak installed should be in place and should be identical from
everywhere (I.E. the machine should be referenced with the same domain name from the RI/lab intranet and public internet network)
- A valid X509 server certificate
The session recordings can be found here:
1. https://umbrellaid.org/zoom/2022-05-03-UmbrellaID-Workshop-Session-1.mp4
2. https://umbrellaid.org/zoom/2022-05-03-UmbrellaID-Workshop-Session-2.mp4
UmbrellaID
PaN Community
ETH Lib4RI: Research Data Management – The Basics
Research data management best practices in the ETH Lib4RI, the Library for the Research Institutes within the ETH Domain: Eawag, Empa, PSI & WSL
Keywords: data catalogue, data management, metadata, SciCat
Resource type: slides
ETH Lib4RI: Research Data Management – The Basics
https://www.lib4ri.ch/files/2022-nov-rdm-psi-web_1.pdf
https://pan-training.eu/materials/eth-lib4ri-research-data-management-the-basics
Research data management best practices in the ETH Lib4RI, the Library for the Research Institutes within the ETH Domain: Eawag, Empa, PSI & WSL
data catalogue, data management, metadata, SciCat
research scientists
postdocs
PhD students
ExPaNDS and PaNOSC project members
PaN users
PaN Community
researchers
PaNOSC + ExPaNDS outcomes boosting Interoerability Data and Services for Photon and Neutron (PaN) Science / EOSC Symposium 2022 plenary
EOSC Symposium 2022 presentation by Andy Gotz: PaNOSC + ExPaNDS outcomes boosting Interoerability Data and Services for Photon and Neutron (PaN) Science.
Keywords: expands, PaNOSC
Resource type: video
PaNOSC + ExPaNDS outcomes boosting Interoerability Data and Services for Photon and Neutron (PaN) Science / EOSC Symposium 2022 plenary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x6MH0dj-EAQ&t=2094s
https://pan-training.eu/materials/panosc-expands-outcomes-boosting-interoerability-data-and-services-for-photon-and-neutron-pan-science-eosc-symposium-2022-plenary
EOSC Symposium 2022 presentation by Andy Gotz: PaNOSC + ExPaNDS outcomes boosting Interoerability Data and Services for Photon and Neutron (PaN) Science.
expands, PaNOSC
PaN Community
NOBUGS 2022
The 13th NOBUGS Conference was held at Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland on September 19-22, 2022. The goal of the NOBUGS (New Opportunities for Better User Group Software) Conference Series is to foster collaboration and exchange between scientists and IT professionals working on...
Keywords: NOBUGS, scientific software
Resource type: video, slides
NOBUGS 2022
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7SUAP5KT6c5g-BaJR718BQ/videos
https://pan-training.eu/materials/nobugs-2022
The 13th NOBUGS Conference was held at Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland on September 19-22, 2022. The goal of the NOBUGS (New Opportunities for Better User Group Software) Conference Series is to foster collaboration and exchange between scientists and IT professionals working on software for X-ray, neutron and muon sources from around the world.
Program Themes:
- Data acquisition systems
- Data reduction
- User interfaces
- Data catalogs/Electronic Notebooks
- Data Streaming
- Use of (commercial) Cloud Systems
- Web Tools
- Workflow Engines & Tools
- Other Relevant Topics
NOBUGS, scientific software
ILL's PhD talks
This YouTube playlist displays the ILL PhD seminars, recorded in winter and spring 2021.
We thank all the speakers who have agreed to have their presentation shared in this collection, curated by Valerie Duchasténier and Steph Monfront.
Scientific topics: neutron scattering, small angle neutron scattering, time-of-flight spectrometry, magnetism technique, neutron time of flight technique
Keywords: neutron scattering theorie, neutron transport , monochromization, polarized neutrons, multi grid detectors, guide fields and solenoids, quasi-elastic neutron scattering, Small Angle Neutron Scattering, time-of-flight, magnetism and neutrons, ultra cold neutrons, Nuclear Physics
Resource type: video
ILL's PhD talks
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLA2s_idZ6bwFdB-HUrmKllBq7Uhsl3gpX
https://pan-training.eu/materials/ill-s-phd-talks
This YouTube playlist displays the ILL PhD seminars, recorded in winter and spring 2021.
We thank all the speakers who have agreed to have their presentation shared in this collection, curated by Valerie Duchasténier and Steph Monfront.
neutron scattering
small angle neutron scattering
time-of-flight spectrometry
magnetism technique
neutron time of flight technique
neutron scattering theorie, neutron transport , monochromization, polarized neutrons, multi grid detectors, guide fields and solenoids, quasi-elastic neutron scattering, Small Angle Neutron Scattering, time-of-flight, magnetism and neutrons, ultra cold neutrons, Nuclear Physics
PhD students
PaNOSC WP8 Summerschool 2022
No short description available.
Resource type: Moodle course, e-learning
PaNOSC WP8 Summerschool 2022
https://pan-learning.org/moodle/course/view.php?id=108
https://pan-training.eu/materials/panosc-wp8-summerschool-2022
No short description available.
Muons in Chemistry
No short description available.
Resource type: Moodle course, e-learning
Muons in Chemistry
https://pan-learning.org/moodle/course/view.php?id=107
https://pan-training.eu/materials/muons-in-chemistry
No short description available.
Offline data analysis tutorial
Tutorial on European XFEL offline data analysis as per example of MID instrument data
Scientific topics: small angle x-ray scattering
Keywords: Extra-data, Extra-geom, pyFAI, data analysis
Resource type: jupyter notebook
Offline data analysis tutorial
https://indico.desy.de/event/33127/contributions/117081/
https://pan-training.eu/materials/offline-analysis-tutorial
Tutorial on European XFEL offline data analysis as per example of MID instrument data
small angle x-ray scattering
Extra-data, Extra-geom, pyFAI, data analysis
PaN users
beamline users
research data scientist
A deep dive into the mathematics of Machine Learning
Crash course on Machine Learning
Keywords: machine learning
Resource type: slides
A deep dive into the mathematics of Machine Learning
https://indico.desy.de/event/33127/contributions/117087/attachments/71317/91043/user_meeting_ml_intro_jan_2022.pdf
https://pan-training.eu/materials/a-deep-dive-into-the-mathematics-of-machine-learning
Crash course on Machine Learning
machine learning
research data scientist
masters students
PhD students
Jupyter notebooks on Machine Learning for scientific data analysis
Jupyter Notebooks serving as supplementary material for a tutorial on Machine Learning, originally presented at the 2022 European XFEL user meeting.
Resource type: jupyter notebook
Jupyter notebooks on Machine Learning for scientific data analysis
https://git.xfel.eu/danilo/ml-tutorial
https://pan-training.eu/materials/jupyter-notebooks-on-machine-learning-for-scientific-data-analysis
Jupyter Notebooks serving as supplementary material for a tutorial on Machine Learning, originally presented at the 2022 European XFEL user meeting.
research data scientist
PhD students
masters students
DTU course / X-ray and Neutron Experiments at International Research Facilities
No short description available.
Resource type: Moodle course, e-learning
DTU course / X-ray and Neutron Experiments at International Research Facilities
https://pan-learning.org/moodle/course/view.php?id=106
https://pan-training.eu/materials/the-structure-and-dynamics-of-materials-studied-with-x-rays-and-neutrons
No short description available.
European Photon and Neutron Open Data Search Portal
The European Photon and Neutron sources are working together in the PaNOSC and ExPaNDS projects financed by the European Commission to build the European Open Science Cloud. One of the main objectives of the EOSC is to make Open Data from these facilities FAIR. This portal implements the...
Keywords: FAIR, federated search engine, open data, EOSC
Resource type: tool
European Photon and Neutron Open Data Search Portal
https://data.panosc.eu/
https://pan-training.eu/materials/european-photon-and-neutron-open-data-search-portal
The European Photon and Neutron sources are working together in the PaNOSC and ExPaNDS projects financed by the European Commission to build the European Open Science Cloud. One of the main objectives of the EOSC is to make Open Data from these facilities FAIR. This portal implements the F(indable) part of FAIR via a **federated search engine** from the following facilities:
- European Spallation Source
- Institut Laue Langevin
- MAX IV
Additional facilities will be included in the federated search as their search engines come online locally. The goal is to include all photon and neutron facilites who provide open data by the end of the two projects PaNOSC and ExPaNDS.
The mission of the PaN data search portal is to contribute to the realization of a data commons for Neutron and Photon science. The search results provide a link to the landing page of the data DOIs through which the other data services provided by PaNOSC and ExPaNDS for data downloading, analysis, notebooks and simulation can be accessed. The aim of the portal is to facilitate using data from photon and neutron sources for the many scientists from existing and future disciplines. To achieve this aim, the exchange of know-how and experiences is crucial to driving a change in culture by embracing Open Science among the targeted scientific communities. This is why the project works closely with the national photon and neutron sources in Europe to develop common policies, strategies and solutions in the area of FAIR data policy, data management and data services.
FAIR, federated search engine, open data, EOSC
Photosynthesis and Energy 2022
No short description available.
Keywords: photosynthesis , energy
Resource type: Moodle course, e-learning
Photosynthesis and Energy 2022
https://pan-learning.org/moodle/course/view.php?id=103
https://pan-training.eu/materials/photosynthesis-and-energy-2022
No short description available.
photosynthesis , energy
Introduction to McStas
No short description available.
Keywords: McStas, mcstas simulation tool
Resource type: Moodle course, e-learning
Introduction to McStas
https://pan-learning.org/moodle/course/view.php?id=104
https://pan-training.eu/materials/introduction-to-mcstas
No short description available.
McStas, mcstas simulation tool
DMSC - Instrument Scientists workshop (2022)
If you have self enrolled onto the course please wait 5 minutes before launching the JupyterHub
Access the course by clicking on the JupyterHub link (bellow).
Click Start My Server > Start and your container will launch.
Resource type: Moodle course, e-learning
DMSC - Instrument Scientists workshop (2022)
https://pan-learning.org/moodle/course/view.php?id=105
https://pan-training.eu/materials/dmsc-instrument-scientists-workshop-2022
If you have self enrolled onto the course please wait 5 minutes before launching the JupyterHub
Access the course by clicking on the JupyterHub link (bellow).
Click Start My Server > Start and your container will launch.
Simulation of boron carbide diffraction with D2B
Simulation of boron carbide diffraction with D2B
Keywords: simulation, boron carbide diffraction, D2B
Resource type: Moodle course, e-learning
Simulation of boron carbide diffraction with D2B
https://pan-learning.org/moodle/course/view.php?id=100
https://pan-training.eu/materials/simulation-of-boron-carbide-diffraction-with-d2b
Simulation of boron carbide diffraction with D2B
simulation, boron carbide diffraction, D2B
SimEx (Simulating Experiments): Examples
SimEx is a program for simulating experiments at advanced laser and x-ray light sources. All aspects of a typical experiment can be modeled. This includes the photon source, light transport through optics, interaction with a target or sample, scattering from the latter, photon detection, and data...
Keywords: simulation, SimEx
Resource type: Moodle course, e-learning
SimEx (Simulating Experiments): Examples
https://pan-learning.org/moodle/course/view.php?id=101
https://pan-training.eu/materials/simex-simulating-experiments-examples
SimEx is a program for simulating experiments at advanced laser and x-ray light sources. All aspects of a typical experiment can be modeled. This includes the photon source, light transport through optics, interaction with a target or sample, scattering from the latter, photon detection, and data analysis.
A simulation can contain, one, several, or all of these parts.
Documentation: https://simex.readthedocs.io/en/latest/include/introduction.html
Github: https://github.com/PaNOSC-ViNYL/SimEx
Here you can have a go at using SimEx without local installation:
1. Launch JupyterHub
2. Click Start my server
3. Select a notebook.
Here is a list of notebooks available:
crl\_focus - currently not working!
edge
EuXFEL\_SASE1\_SPB\_KBfocus - currently not working!
propagation\_example\_01
propagation\_example\_02 - currently not working!
spheres - currently not working!
wire
simulation, SimEx
Simulating LoKi with McStas
No short description available.
Keywords: McStas, mcstas simulation tool, LoKi
Resource type: Moodle course, e-learning
Simulating LoKi with McStas
https://pan-learning.org/moodle/course/view.php?id=102
https://pan-training.eu/materials/simulating-loki-with-mcstas
No short description available.
McStas, mcstas simulation tool, LoKi
Introduction to Neutron Reflectometry Fitting
This course was originally developed by Andrew McCluskey from the European Spallation Source for the ISIS Virtual Reflectometry Training Course.
The full course can be read as a online book at: https://www.reflectometry.org/isis_school/intro.html
The files can found on GitHub at...
Keywords: isis virtual reflectometry
Resource type: Moodle course, e-learning
Introduction to Neutron Reflectometry Fitting
https://pan-learning.org/moodle/course/view.php?id=96
https://pan-training.eu/materials/introduction-to-neutron-reflectometry-fitting
This course was originally developed by Andrew McCluskey from the European Spallation Source for the ISIS Virtual Reflectometry Training Course.
The full course can be read as a online book at: https://www.reflectometry.org/isis_school/intro.html
The files can found on GitHub at https://github.com/reflectivity/isis_school
To run the course as interactive Jupyter notebooks here, click on the JupyterHub link and then Start My Server
If you have self enrolled onto the course please wait 5 minutes before launching the JupyterHub.
isis virtual reflectometry
Introduction to Crispy
Crispy is a modern interface for calculating core-level spectra.
It uses Quanty for calculations and is written in python.
Its primary use is as a sleek GUI that runs on your computer.
However it can also be used like a python module within a Jupyter notebook.
Here you can have a go at...
Keywords: crispy, core-level spectra
Resource type: Moodle course, e-learning
Introduction to Crispy
https://pan-learning.org/moodle/course/view.php?id=97
https://pan-training.eu/materials/introduction-to-crispy
Crispy is a modern interface for calculating core-level spectra.
It uses Quanty for calculations and is written in python.
Its primary use is as a sleek GUI that runs on your computer.
However it can also be used like a python module within a Jupyter notebook.
Here you can have a go at using Crispy without local installation:
1. Launch JupyterHub
2. Click Start my server
3. Select 0-first_calculation.ipynb
Crispy Documentation: https://www.esrf.fr/computing/scientific/crispy/
GitHub Page: https://github.com/mretegan/crispy
crispy, core-level spectra
McStas Simulation of SANS2D
No short description available.
Keywords: McStas, mcstas simulation tool, SANS2D
Resource type: Moodle course, e-learning
McStas Simulation of SANS2D
https://pan-learning.org/moodle/course/view.php?id=98
https://pan-training.eu/materials/mcstas-simulation-of-sans2d
No short description available.
McStas, mcstas simulation tool, SANS2D
Introduction to Oasys (Hercules 2022)
Welcome to the Hercules 2022 Oasys tutorial written by Manuel Sanchez del Rio and Juan Reyes Herrera.
The aim of this course is to learn the following:
Calculate main characteristics of synchrotron source (Bending magnets and Insertion devices).
Calculate the heat-load on different beamline...
Keywords: calculating source characteristics, calculating heat-load, simulation beamline optics, coherence
Resource type: Moodle course, e-learning
Introduction to Oasys (Hercules 2022)
https://pan-learning.org/moodle/course/view.php?id=99
https://pan-training.eu/materials/introduction-to-oasys-hercules-2022
Welcome to the Hercules 2022 Oasys tutorial written by Manuel Sanchez del Rio and Juan Reyes Herrera.
The aim of this course is to learn the following:
Calculate main characteristics of synchrotron source (Bending magnets and Insertion devices).
Calculate the heat-load on different beamline components.
Simulating beamline optics by ray-tracing to obtain main parameters of the beam, e. g., size and divergence, energy resolution, intensity/flux.
Understand basic principles of X-ray optics: Mirrors and Crystals.
Basic concepts about coherence.
And it is split into four sections:
1. Introduction
2. Power Transport
3. Photon Transport
4. Coherence Transport
calculating source characteristics, calculating heat-load, simulation beamline optics, coherence
Muons in Semiconductors
We will learn with James Lord about semiconductors, muonium spectroscopy, molecular radical states at different temperatures, energy levels and spin polarization.
Rui Vilao will introduce us to muons in Semiconductors.
Rui Vilao continues the discussion on using µSR on semiconductors.
Resource type: Moodle course, e-learning
Muons in Semiconductors
https://pan-learning.org/moodle/course/view.php?id=87
https://pan-training.eu/materials/muons-in-semiconductors
We will learn with James Lord about semiconductors, muonium spectroscopy, molecular radical states at different temperatures, energy levels and spin polarization.
Rui Vilao will introduce us to muons in Semiconductors.
Rui Vilao continues the discussion on using µSR on semiconductors.
Python Workshop (IKON21)
If you have self enrolled onto the course please wait 5 minutes before launching the JupyterHub
Access the course by clicking on the JupyterHub link.
Click Start My Server > Start and your container will launch.
In the folder called Notebooks you will find the following:
1. Jupyter...
Keywords: data analysis library pandas, jupyter, Python, numpy, matplotlib, Ipywidgets, scipy, mcstas script
Resource type: Moodle course, e-learning
Python Workshop (IKON21)
https://pan-learning.org/moodle/course/view.php?id=89
https://pan-training.eu/materials/python-workshop-ikon21
If you have self enrolled onto the course please wait 5 minutes before launching the JupyterHub
Access the course by clicking on the JupyterHub link.
Click Start My Server > Start and your container will launch.
In the folder called Notebooks you will find the following:
1. Jupyter basics: Jupyter notebook introduction.
2. Python basics: Basic language principles, Sequence data types, Control structures, Working with functions, Using modules, Input and output, Python 2 vs 3, Python classes.
3. Using external Libraries: Scientific libraries numpy, Plotting with matplotlib, Ipywidgets, Fitting scipy, Data analysis library pandas, Testing.
4. Molecular visualization: Visualization tutorial, Atomistic simulation environment.
5. McStas script
6. SCIPP
You can find a copy of the notebooks at https://github.com/ess-dmsc-dram/python-course-ikon/tree/master/notebooks
This course was created by the Data Reduction, Analysis and Modelling group of the ESS.
This version of the course was specifically created for IKON21 in September 2021.
data analysis library pandas, jupyter, Python, numpy, matplotlib, Ipywidgets, scipy, mcstas script
Creating your own course
If you only wish to create one course please email admin@pan-learning.org and we will create a blank course for you. We will assign you as teacher so you can have full control from there on.
If you would like to be able to create your own blank courses you need to have 'Course Creator'...
Keywords: moodle
Resource type: Moodle course, e-learning
Creating your own course
https://pan-learning.org/moodle/course/view.php?id=90
https://pan-training.eu/materials/creating-your-own-course
If you only wish to create one course please email admin@pan-learning.org and we will create a blank course for you. We will assign you as teacher so you can have full control from there on.
If you would like to be able to create your own blank courses you need to have 'Course Creator' privelages on pan-learning.org. Please email admin@pan-learning.org and we will upgrade your account.
moodle
Introduction to Neutron Reflectometry
An introductory course to Neutrons and their properties, as a foundational pre-requisite for Neutron Scattering and Reflectometry experimentation and theory.
Keywords: neutron
Resource type: Moodle course, e-learning
Introduction to Neutron Reflectometry
https://pan-learning.org/moodle/course/view.php?id=95
https://pan-training.eu/materials/introduction-to-neutron-reflectometry
An introductory course to Neutrons and their properties, as a foundational pre-requisite for Neutron Scattering and Reflectometry experimentation and theory.
neutron
Muons in Superconductivity
We will learn with Pabitra Biswas what a superconductor is, how we measure magnetic fields, extract key length scales (vortex lattice), see how the measurement works, what kind of data you get, and gain an overview of how to understand the new physics.
Keywords: extract key length scales, muons, superconductivity
Resource type: Moodle course, e-learning
Muons in Superconductivity
https://pan-learning.org/moodle/course/view.php?id=79
https://pan-training.eu/materials/muons-in-superconductivity
We will learn with Pabitra Biswas what a superconductor is, how we measure magnetic fields, extract key length scales (vortex lattice), see how the measurement works, what kind of data you get, and gain an overview of how to understand the new physics.
extract key length scales, muons, superconductivity
Illumidesk: Python Course
This course has the notebooks from the first four chapters of the IKON python course:
1. Jupyter basics: Jupyter notebook introduction.
2. Python basics: Basic language principles, Sequence data types, Control structures, Working with functions, Using modules, Input and output, Python...
Keywords: sequence data types, data analysis library pandas
Resource type: Moodle course, e-learning
Illumidesk: Python Course
https://pan-learning.org/moodle/course/view.php?id=81
https://pan-training.eu/materials/illumidesk-python-course
This course has the notebooks from the first four chapters of the IKON python course:
1. Jupyter basics: Jupyter notebook introduction.
2. Python basics: Basic language principles, Sequence data types, Control structures, Working with functions, Using modules, Input and output, Python 2 vs 3, Python classes.
3. Using external Libraries: Scientific libraries numpy, Plotting with matplotlib, Ipywidgets, Fitting scipy, Data analysis library pandas, Testing.
4. Molecular visualization: Visualization tutorial, Atomistic simulation environment.
To access click on Illumidesk →Start My Server → Assignments →pythoncourse (drop down menu) → fetch
Any notebooks you fetch will be visible on your illumidesk files tab.
Do not submit the notebooks for feedback.
sequence data types, data analysis library pandas